One may preferably choose lorazepam or oxazepam: both are metabolized through conjugation and do not produce active metabolites fewer CYP drug interactions.
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As a thank-you for using our site, here's a discounted rate for renewal or upgrade. Not now - I'd like more time to decide. Renew my subscription. Johns Hopkins Psychiatry Guide. Tags Type your tag names separated by a space and hit enter. Benzodiazepines Paul M. Kim, M. Nemeroff CB. Anxiolytics: past, present, and future agents.
J Clin Psychiatry. Issues in the clinical use of benzodiazepines: potency, withdrawal, and rebound. Benzodiazepine exposure in pregnancy and risk of major malformations: a critical overview. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. Clinical pharmacokinetics of alprazolam. Therapeutic implications. Clin Pharmacokinet. Clinical pharmacokinetics of chlordiazepoxide.
Pharmacokinetics of the anticonvulsant drug clonazepam evaluated from single oral and intravenous doses and by repeated oral administration. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. Protein binding of oxazepam and its glucuronide conjugates to human albumin.
Biochem Pharmacol. Bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of oxazepam. Efficacy and tolerability of benzodiazepines versus antidepressants in anxiety disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychother Psychosom. Use of benzodiazepines in social anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Drugs with a shorter half-life, while more short-acting, are often felt more intensely. Drugs with short half-life also create their effect more rapidly. These characteristics make these substances more attractive to recreational drug abusers.
Benzodiazepine drug abusers often prefer short-acting, high-potency benzos, such as lorazepam or alprazolam, due to their fairly rapid and intense high. Though not prescribed in the United States, flunitrazepam Rohypnol is sold illicitly on the streets. Used as a date rape drug, Rohypnol is a high-potency benzodiazepine with a relatively long half-life. Benzodiazepine medications are sedative-hypnotics, meaning they create calming or tranquilizing effects.
Because of this, these drugs are prescribed to treat anxiety, insomnia, panic and seizure disorders, and symptoms of alcohol withdrawal. Certain ones may also be used as muscle relaxants. The same actions which make these medications valuable within treatment also make them enticing to drug abusers. Benzodiazepines take several forms, including as an extended-release long-acting capsule, liquid, tablet, or orally-disintegrating tablet.
Any of these forms may be abused to create a sedated effect or euphoria. When abused, benzodiazepines are taken orally in doses larger and more frequent than would be prescribed. The medication may also be crushed so that it can be snorted, smoked, or injected.
No matter how benzodiazepines are abused, the potential for dependence and addiction runs high. Aside from addiction, benzodiazepine abuse carries with it a host of adverse health effects and dangers. These include:. Updated June J Alzheimers Dis.
McElhatton PR. The effects of benzodiazepine use during pregnancy and lactation. Reprod Toxicol. Soyka M. Treatment of benzodiazepine dependence. N Engl J Med. Your Privacy Rights. To change or withdraw your consent choices for VerywellMind. At any time, you can update your settings through the "EU Privacy" link at the bottom of any page. These choices will be signaled globally to our partners and will not affect browsing data.
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During Pregnancy and Nursing. Benzodiazepines: Addiction and Dependence. Benzodiazepines Uses, Indications, and Side Effects. Was this page helpful? Thanks for your feedback! Sign Up. What are your concerns? Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles.
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