How Newton was introduced to the most advanced mathematical texts of his day is slightly less clear. According to de Moivre , Newton's interest in mathematics began in the autumn of when he bought an astrology book at a fair in Cambridge and found that he could not understand the mathematics in it. Attempting to read a trigonometry book, he found that he lacked knowledge of geometry and so decided to read Barrow 's edition of Euclid 's Elements.
The first few results were so easy that he almost gave up but he Returning to the beginning, Newton read the whole book with a new respect. Newton also studied Wallis 's Algebra and it appears that his first original mathematical work came from his study of this text.
He read Wallis 's method for finding a square of equal area to a parabola and a hyperbola which used indivisibles. Newton made notes on Wallis 's treatment of series but also devised his own proofs of the theorems writing:- Thus Wallis doth it, but it may be done thus It would be easy to think that Newton's talent began to emerge on the arrival of Barrow to the Lucasian chair at Cambridge in when he became a Fellow at Trinity College.
Certainly the date matches the beginnings of Newton's deep mathematical studies. However, it would appear that the date is merely a coincidence and that it was only some years later that Barrow recognised the mathematical genius among his students.
Despite some evidence that his progress had not been particularly good, Newton was elected a scholar on 28 April and received his bachelor's degree in April It would appear that his scientific genius had still not emerged, but it did so suddenly when the plague closed the University in the summer of and he had to return to Lincolnshire. There, in a period of less than two years, while Newton was still under 25 years old, he began revolutionary advances in mathematics, optics, physics, and astronomy.
While Newton remained at home he laid the foundations for differential and integral calculus, several years before its independent discovery by Leibniz. The 'method of fluxions', as he termed it, was based on his crucial insight that the integration of a function is merely the inverse procedure to differentiating it. Taking differentiation as the basic operation, Newton produced simple analytical methods that unified many separate techniques previously developed to solve apparently unrelated problems such as finding areas, tangents , the lengths of curves and the maxima and minima of functions.
When the University of Cambridge reopened after the plague in , Newton put himself forward as a candidate for a fellowship. In October he was elected to a minor fellowship at Trinity College but, after being awarded his Master's Degree, he was elected to a major fellowship in July which allowed him to dine at the Fellows' Table.
In July Barrow tried to ensure that Newton's mathematical achievements became known to the world. He sent Newton's text De Analysi to Collins in London writing:- [ Newton ] brought me the other day some papers, wherein he set down methods of calculating the dimensions of magnitudes like that of Mr Mercator concerning the hyperbola, but very general; as also of resolving equations; which I suppose will please you; and I shall send you them by the next.
Collins corresponded with all the leading mathematicians of the day so Barrow 's action should have led to quick recognition. Collins showed Brouncker , the President of the Royal Society , Newton's results with the author's permission but after this Newton requested that his manuscript be returned.
Collins could not give a detailed account but de Sluze and Gregory learnt something of Newton's work through Collins. Barrow resigned the Lucasian chair in to devote himself to divinity, recommending that Newton still only 27 years old be appointed in his place. Shortly after this Newton visited London and twice met with Collins but, as he wrote to Gregory Newton's first work as Lucasian Professor was on optics and this was the topic of his first lecture course begun in January He had reached the conclusion during the two plague years that white light is not a simple entity.
Every scientist since Aristotle had believed that white light was a basic single entity, but the chromatic aberration in a telescope lens convinced Newton otherwise. When he passed a thin beam of sunlight through a glass prism Newton noted the spectrum of colours that was formed.
He argued that white light is really a mixture of many different types of rays which are refracted at slightly different angles, and that each different type of ray produces a different spectral colour. Newton was led by this reasoning to the erroneous conclusion that telescopes using refracting lenses would always suffer chromatic aberration. He therefore proposed and constructed a reflecting telescope. In Newton was elected a fellow of the Royal Society after donating a reflecting telescope.
Also in Newton published his first scientific paper on light and colour in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. The paper was generally well received but Hooke and Huygens objected to Newton's attempt to prove, by experiment alone, that light consists of the motion of small particles rather than waves. The reception that his publication received did nothing to improve Newton's attitude to making his results known to the world.
He was always pulled in two directions, there was something in his nature which wanted fame and recognition yet another side of him feared criticism and the easiest way to avoid being criticised was to publish nothing.
Certainly one could say that his reaction to criticism was irrational, and certainly his aim to humiliate Hooke in public because of his opinions was abnormal. However, perhaps because of Newton's already high reputation, his corpuscular theory reigned until the wave theory was revived in the 19 th century. Newton's relations with Hooke deteriorated further when, in , Hooke claimed that Newton had stolen some of his optical results.
Although the two men made their peace with an exchange of polite letters, Newton turned in on himself and away from the Royal Society which he associated with Hooke as one of its leaders. He delayed the publication of a full account of his optical researches until after the death of Hooke in Newton's Opticks appeared in It dealt with the theory of light and colour and with investigations of the colours of thin sheets 'Newton's rings' and diffraction of light.
To explain some of his observations he had to use a wave theory of light in conjunction with his corpuscular theory. His mother died in the following year and he withdrew further into his shell, mixing as little as possible with people for a number of years.
Newton's greatest achievement was his work in physics and celestial mechanics, which culminated in the theory of universal gravitation. By Newton had early versions of his three laws of motion. He had also discovered the law giving the centrifugal force on a body moving uniformly in a circular path. However he did not have a correct understanding of the mechanics of circular motion. Newton's novel idea of was to imagine that the Earth's gravity influenced the Moon, counter- balancing its centrifugal force.
From his law of centrifugal force and Kepler 's third law of planetary motion, Newton deduced the inverse-square law. In Newton corresponded with Hooke who had written to Newton claiming M Nauenberg writes an account of the next events:- After his correspondence with Hooke , Newton, by his own account, found a proof that Kepler's areal law was a consequence of centripetal forces, and he also showed that if the orbital curve is an ellipse under the action of central forces then the radial dependence of the force is inverse square with the distance from the centre.
This discovery showed the physical significance of Kepler 's second law. In Halley , tired of Hooke 's boasting [ M Nauenberg ] However in 'De Motu.. The proof that inverse square forces imply conic section orbits is sketched in Cor. Halley persuaded Newton to write a full treatment of his new physics and its application to astronomy.
The Principia is recognised as the greatest scientific book ever written. Newton analysed the motion of bodies in resisting and non-resisting media under the action of centripetal forces. The results were applied to orbiting bodies, projectiles, pendulums, and free-fall near the Earth.
He further demonstrated that the planets were attracted toward the Sun by a force varying as the inverse square of the distance and generalised that all heavenly bodies mutually attract one another.
Further generalisation led Newton to the law of universal gravitation Newton explained a wide range of previously unrelated phenomena: the eccentric orbits of comets, the tides and their variations, the precession of the Earth's axis, and motion of the Moon as perturbed by the gravity of the Sun.
This work made Newton an international leader in scientific research. The Continental scientists certainly did not accept the idea of action at a distance and continued to believe in Descartes ' vortex theory where forces work through contact. However this did not stop the universal admiration for Newton's technical expertise. He had become a convert to the Roman Catholic church in but when he came to the throne he had strong support from Anglicans as well as Catholics. However rebellions arose, which James put down but he began to distrust Protestants and began to appoint Roman Catholic officers to the army.
He then went further, appointing only Catholics as judges and officers of state. Whenever a position at Oxford or Cambridge became vacant, the king appointed a Roman Catholic to fill it. Newton was a staunch Protestant and strongly opposed to what he saw as an attack on the University of Cambridge.
When the King tried to insist that a Benedictine monk be given a degree without taking any examinations or swearing the required oaths, Newton wrote to the Vice-Chancellor:- Be courageous and steady to the Laws and you cannot fail. The Vice-Chancellor took Newton's advice and was dismissed from his post. However Newton continued to argue the case strongly preparing documents to be used by the University in its defence.
However William of Orange had been invited by many leaders to bring an army to England to defeat James. William landed in November and James, finding that Protestants had left his army, fled to France. The University of Cambridge elected Newton, now famous for his strong defence of the university, as one of their two members to the Convention Parliament on 15 January This Parliament declared that James had abdicated and in February offered the crown to William and Mary.
Newton was at the height of his standing - seen as a leader of the university and one of the most eminent mathematicians in the world.
However, his election to Parliament may have been the event which let him see that there was a life in London which might appeal to him more than the academic world in Cambridge. After suffering a second nervous breakdown in , Newton retired from research. The reasons for this breakdown have been discussed by his biographers and many theories have been proposed: chemical poisoning as a result of his alchemy experiments; frustration with his researches; the ending of a personal friendship with Fatio de Duillier, a Swiss-born mathematician resident in London; and problems resulting from his religious beliefs.
Newton himself blamed lack of sleep but this was almost certainly a symptom of the illness rather than the cause of it.
There seems little reason to suppose that the illness was anything other than depression, a mental illness he must have suffered from throughout most of his life, perhaps made worse by some of the events we have just listed. Newton decided to leave Cambridge to take up a government position in London becoming Warden of the Royal Mint in and Master in However, he did not resign his positions at Cambridge until As Master of the Mint, adding the income from his estates, we see that Newton became a very rich man.
For many people a position such as Master of the Mint would have been treated as simply a reward for their scientific achievements. Newton did not treat it as such and he made a strong contribution to the work of the Mint.
He led it through the difficult period of recoinage and he was particularly active in measures to prevent counterfeiting of the coinage. In he was elected president of the Royal Society and was re-elected each year until his death.
He was knighted in by Queen Anne, the first scientist to be so honoured for his work. However the last portion of his life was not an easy one, dominated in many ways with the controversy with Leibniz over which of them had invented the calculus. Given the rage that Newton had shown throughout his life when criticised, it is not surprising that he flew into an irrational temper directed against Leibniz.
We have given details of this controversy in Leibniz 's biography and refer the reader to that article for details. Perhaps all that is worth relating here is how Newton used his position as President of the Royal Society. In this capacity he appointed an "impartial" committee to decide whether he or Leibniz was the inventor of the calculus. He wrote the official report of the committee although of course it did not appear under his name which was published by the Royal Society , and he then wrote a review again anonymously which appeared in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.
During the conflict Kobe got his hands on the computer, And when Vicki tries to confront Kobe. Kobe explodes into a meltdown he starts to abuse Vicki by kicking, punching, hitting ,and headbutting her at one point Vicki calls for Aaron Jr's help but, instead of Aaron helping he ends up pushing Kobe in to a wall. In the end Vicki pacify's Kobe; Jo says "What a destructive cycle". Aaron Sr comes home from work to pick up the boys, but Vicki tries to get Kobe to tell Aaron Sr about his meltdown.
Kobe was seen reading a book at bedtime, however, this book is blurred to avoid copyright issues with the owner, so it's unknown what it was. Supernanny Wiki Explore. Important Pages. About Copyrights. Supernanny Episodes U. Willow barrier for Newton's tree. Grantham Civic Society. King's School Grantham. The project, funded by the Heritage Lottery, aims to hold a reunion for relatives at Newton's birthplace. Published 17 July Published 29 September
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