MSM supplements are available in capsule or powder form, and people can purchase them online. Taking more MSM than directed does not appear to provide better results. In the allergy study this article referenced previously, people taking 12 g of MSM had less allergy relief than those taking 3 g. People may also apply a cream that contains MSM to the skin.
They should look for a product that specifies how much MSM it contains and how often to apply it. People who are already using prescription creams for rosacea or other skin conditions should ask their dermatologist before trying MSM cream.
Taking excessive amounts of MSM could have unwanted and potentially dangerous effects. A study on rats found that those animals receiving typical human dosages did see an improvement in the health of knee cartilage. However, when the researchers gave the rats times the standard human dose, they experienced shrinkage of several organs, including the liver and spleen.
They also report that MSM could cause an upset stomach or diarrhea. Most people can take the usual range of 3 g per day of capsules, powder, or cream without serious side effects.
People should talk with a doctor before taking the supplement long-term, however. One study suggests that MSM levels in the body may build up over time. Some small studies show that MSM may be useful for treating several different medical conditions. It is typically safe when people take it at normal dosages of around 3 g per day. MSM may be worth trying for those who are looking for a natural alternative for arthritis pain, post-exercise soreness, seasonal allergies, or rosacea.
Pregnant or breastfeeding women, children, and people who have health conditions should talk to a doctor before taking MSM. It may not be safe or recommended for these people. Tricalcium phosphate is a concentrated form of calcium that some people take as a supplement when they are not getting enough calcium from their diet….
Melatonin is a natural supplement designed to improve sleep, while alcohol is a widely-available depressant. Are melatonin and alcohol safe to mix…. Bromelain is a mixture of enzymes extracted from pineapples. It also inhibits the breakdown of cartilage, a flexible tissue that protects the ends of your bones in joints 1. A study in people over the age of 50 found that treatment with a supplement containing 1, mg of MSM for 12 weeks decreased pain, stiffness and swelling in the joints, compared to a placebo 2.
The group receiving the supplement also reported improved overall quality of life and less difficulty walking and getting out of bed 2.
Another study in 32 people with lower back pain found that taking a glucosamine supplement containing MSM significantly reduced lumbar stiffness and pain upon movement, plus greatly increased quality of life 3.
Studies have shown that MSM is effective in reducing joint pain, stiffness and swelling. In doing so, it can improve your quality of life. Additionally, MSM can increase levels of glutathione, a potent antioxidant produced by your body. Another study in 40 physically active men showed that taking 3 grams of MSM before exhaustive exercise decreased the release of inflammatory cytokines and prevented the over-stress of immune cells, compared to a placebo 7.
During exhaustive exercise, muscle damage occurs and oxidative stress increases 8. This causes athletes to experience muscle soreness and pain, which can hinder athletic performance and training. MSM can naturally speed muscle recovery after intense exercise by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress. A study in 18 men showed that taking 50 mg of MSM powder per kg of body weight for 10 days significantly reduced exercise-induced muscle damage and increased antioxidant activity following an 8.
In one study, 22 healthy women received 3 grams of MSM or a placebo per day for three weeks leading up to a half marathon. The MSM group reported less muscle soreness and joint pain than the placebo group Another study found that athletic men taking 3 grams of MSM daily for two weeks had lower levels of IL-6 and less muscle pain after intense resistance exercise MSM may help reduce pain, muscle damage and oxidative stress after intense exercise, helping you recover more quickly.
Arthritis is a common inflammatory condition that causes pain, stiffness and a reduced range of motion in your joints. A study in 49 people with knee osteoarthritis found that taking 3.
Additionally, it can enhance the effectiveness of other common supplements used to treat arthritis such as glucosamine sulfate, chondroitin sulfate and boswellic acid.
One study found that combining MSM with glucosamine and chondroitin was more effective at decreasing pain and stiffness in people with knee osteoarthritis than glucosamine and chondroitin alone Another study showed that a daily supplement containing 5 grams of MSM and 7 grams of boswellic acid was more effective than glucosamine at reducing pain and improving function in people with knee osteoarthritis MSM supplements have been shown to help reduce pain and stiffness in people with arthritis.
They may also help improve physical function. Allergic rhinitis is an allergic reaction that causes symptoms such as watery eyes, sneezing, itching, runny nose and nasal congestion After exposure to an allergen, many inflammatory substances such as prostaglandins and cytokines are released, which leads to unpleasant symptoms. It may decrease allergic reactions by lowering inflammation and inhibiting the release of cytokines and prostaglandins A study in 50 people with allergic rhinitis found that a dose of 2, mg of MSM per day over 30 days reduced symptoms including itching, congestion, shortness of breath, sneezing and coughing In the second RCT, 50 participants with osteoarthritis-related knee pain were given either 6 g MSM capsules or placebo capsules for 12 weeks.
Sixty participants with knee osteoarthritis were randomised to take either 3. Participants who were on MSM showed improvement in pain and general functional well-being compared to those who took the placebo.
Osteoarthritis OA is the most common form of arthritis. It can cause joint pain and stiffness. Learn about the causes, symptoms and treatments. An emerging area of MSM research deals with the anti-cancer effect of the organosulfur compound. In vitro studies using MSM alone or in combination have evaluated the metabolic and phenotypic effects of a number of cancer cell lines including breast [ , , , , , ], esophagus [ ], stomach [ ], liver [ , ], colon [ ], bladder [ 99 ], and skin cancers [ , ] with promising results.
MSM independently has been shown to be cytotoxic to cancer cells by inhibiting cell viability through the induction of cell cycle arrest [ , , ], necrosis [ ], or apoptosis [ , , , , ]. The reduced expression of IGF-1R and VEGF may help prevent the development of tumors by reducing the insulin-like growth factor-1 IGF-1 -mediated cell survival and proliferation pathways and preventing tumor-induced angiogenesis [ , ].
These metabolic alterations contribute to profound alterations at the cellular level as well. In vitro studies with cancer cell lines suggest that MSM has the ability to stimulate phenotypic changes more closely resembling non-cancerous cells. Treatment with MSM results in the induction of contact inhibition and cell senescence [ , , , ], anchorage-dependent growth [ , ], reduced migration of metastatic lines [ , , , ], and normalized wound healing [ , ]. This could in part be attributed to the robust changes to cellular filaments, including the disassembly and indirect reassembly of microtubules [ ] and reorganization of actin localization [ ].
In vitro MSM studies have also been supported by additional xenograft and in vivo studies confirming the results. When cancer cells are xenotransplanted into animal models treated with MSM, tumor growth suppression has been observed [ 99 , , ], though two of these studies included a combination treatment of MSM and AG [ 99 ] or Tamoxifen [ ]. Previous studies also suggest that pre-treatment with MSM for approximately one week prior to inducing cancer in rats results in a significant reduction in the mean time to tumor onset [ , ].
Human trials with MSM as a cancer treatment have not been conducted to date; however, one study suggests that MSM use may be associated with a decreased risk of lung and colorectal cancer [ ]. In vitro and in vivo results warrant further investigation of MSM as a treatment for cancer. MSM appears to be well-tolerated and safe. A number of toxicity studies have been conducted in an array of animals including rats [ , , , , ], mice [ ], and dogs [ , ].
In a preliminary toxicity study report, a single mortality was reported in a female rat given an oral aqueous dose of Other technical reports indicate that mild skin and eye irritation have been observed when MSM is applied topically. A summary of the toxicity studies is listed in Table 1. Much anecdotal evidence from web forums and videos exists regarding chronic MSM use and increased sensitivity to alcohol. Since other sulfur containing molecules, such as disulfiram, are used to combat alcoholism by causing adverse reactions when consuming alcohol [ ], it is worth mentioning there have been no studies to date examining the effects of MSM usage on alcohol metabolism or addiction pathways.
As mentioned previously, MSM readily crosses the blood brain barrier and becomes evenly distributed throughout the brain [ 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 ]; however, studies have not focused on the metabolic effects on the different neural pathways.
Further studies are needed to assess the safety of MSM use with recreational alcohol use. MSM is a naturally occurring organosulfur compound with broad biological effects. Human absorption and biosynthesis of this compound likely depends heavily on the co-metabolism between microbiota and host. Whether naturally produced or manufactured, MSM exhibits no biochemical differences in its ability to intermediate oxidative stress and inflammation.
This micronutrient is well tolerated for arthritis and a number of other conditions related to inflammation, physical function, and performance. Emerging research suggests that MSM may one day aid in the treatment of various types of cancer [ 49 , 99 , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ] or metabolic syndromes [ ]. All authors read and approved of the final manuscript.
National Center for Biotechnology Information , U. Journal List Nutrients v. Published online Mar Matthew Butawan , 1 Rodney L. Benjamin , 2 and Richard J. Rodney L. Richard J. Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Received Dec 19; Accepted Mar This article has been cited by other articles in PMC.
Abstract Methylsulfonylmethane MSM has become a popular dietary supplement used for a variety of purposes, including its most common use as an anti-inflammatory agent. Keywords: methylsulfonylmethane, MSM, dimethyl sulfone, inflammation, joint pain. Description and History of MSM Methylsulfonylmethane MSM is a naturally occurring organosulfur compound utilized as a complementary and alternative medicine CAM under a variety of names including dimethyl sulfone, methyl sulfone, sulfonylbismethane, organic sulfur, or crystalline dimethyl sulfoxide [ 1 ].
Mechanisms of Actions Due to its enhanced ability to penetrate membranes and permeate throughout the body, the full mechanistic function of MSM may involve a collection of cell types and is therefore difficult to elucidate.
Immune Modulation Stress can trigger an acute response by the innate immune system and an ensuing adaptive immune response if the stressor is pathogenic.
Common Uses As a therapeutic agent, MSM utilizes its unique penetrability properties to alter physiological effects at the cellular and tissue levels. Arthritis and Inflammation Arthritis is an inflammatory condition of the joints that currently affects approximately 58 million adults, with an estimated increase to Cartilage Preservation Cartilage degradation has long been thought of as the driving force of osteoarthritis [ ].
Improve Range of Motion and Physical Function With the aforementioned improvements in inflammation and cartilage preservation, not surprisingly beneficial changes in overall physical function have also been noted through the use of subjective measurements [ 18 , 19 , , ].
To Reduce Muscle Soreness Associated with Exercise Prolonged strenuous exercise can result in muscle soreness caused by microtrauma to muscles and surrounding connective tissue leading to a local inflammatory response [ ]. Reduce Oxidative Stress In vitro studies suggest that MSM does not chemically neutralize ROS in stimulated neutrophils but instead suppresses mitochondrial generation of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorous acid [ 97 ]. Improve Skin Quality and Texture Since the initial patent awarded to Herschler in , MSM has been suggested to have therapeutic uses for the improvement of skin quality and texture by acting as a sulfur donor to keratin.
Safety Profile MSM appears to be well-tolerated and safe. Open in a separate window. MSM and Alcohol Much anecdotal evidence from web forums and videos exists regarding chronic MSM use and increased sensitivity to alcohol.
Conclusions MSM is a naturally occurring organosulfur compound with broad biological effects. Acknowledgments Funding for this work was provided by The University of Memphis. Author Contributions M. Conflicts of Interest M. References 1. Bertken R. Crystalline dmso: DMSO 2. Arthritis Rheum. Clark T. Why are dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl sulfone such good solvents? Brayton C. Cornell Vet.
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